Apparatus, system and method of asymmetric beamforming training

ABSTRACT

For example, an EDMG initiator STA of an asymmetric beamforming training may be configured to, during a Beacon Transmission Interval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval (BI), transmit a beacon via a sector of the EDMG initiator STA, the beacon including allocation information to allocate a beamforming training allocation for asymmetric beamforming training of the sector during a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) in the BI after the BTI, the beacon including one or more Receive Training (TRN-R) subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training of the sector; during the beamforming training allocation, to listen on the sector for one or more Sector Sweep (SSW) frames from one or more EDMG responder STAs; and, during the beamforming training allocation, to transmit via the sector a sector acknowledgement (ACK) frame including information based on the one or more SSW frames.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of and priority from U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/555,208 entitled “APPARATUS,SYSTEM AND METHOD OF BEAMFORMING TRAINING”, filed Sep. 7, 2017, theentire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments described herein generally relate to asymmetric beamformingtraining.

BACKGROUND

A wireless communication network in a millimeter-wave band may providehigh-speed data access for users of wireless communication devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in thefigures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, thedimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to otherelements for clarity of presentation. Furthermore, reference numeralsmay be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogouselements. The figures are listed below.

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustration of a system, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (EDMG) Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) format,which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an asymmetric beamformingtraining, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an asymmetric beamformingtraining, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method of asymmetricbeamforming training, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method of asymmetricbeamforming training, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a product of manufacture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments.However, it will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the artthat some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, unitsand/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscurethe discussion.

Discussions herein utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing”,“computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, “establishing”, “analyzing”,“checking”, or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) ofa computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or otherelectronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform datarepresented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within thecomputer's registers and/or memories into other data similarlyrepresented as physical quantities within the computer's registersand/or memories or other information storage medium that may storeinstructions to perform operations and/or processes.

The terms “plurality” and “a plurality”, as used herein, include, forexample, “multiple” or “two or more”. For example, “a plurality ofitems” includes two or more items.

References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “demonstrativeembodiment”, “various embodiments” etc., indicate that the embodiment(s)so described may include a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes theparticular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated useof the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the sameembodiment, although it may.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinaladjectives “first”, “second”, “third” etc., to describe a common object,merely indicate that different instances of like objects are beingreferred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so describedmust be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking,or in any other manner.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices andsystems, for example, a User Equipment (UE), a Mobile Device (MD), awireless station (STA), a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, amobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, awearable device, a sensor device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, aPersonal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, anon-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehiculardevice, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumerdevice, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communicationstation, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP),a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device,an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wirelessnetwork, a wireless area network, a Wireless Video Area Network (WVAN),a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), a Personal AreaNetwork (PAN), a Wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with devices and/or networksoperating in accordance with existing IEEE 802.11 standards (includingIEEE 802.11-2016 (IEEE 802.11-2016, IEEE Standard for Informationtechnology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systemsLocal and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements Part 11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications, Dec. 7, 2016); and/or IEEE 802.11ay (P802.11ay/D1.0Draft Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications andInformation Exchange Between Systems—Local and Metropolitan AreaNetworks—Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium AccessControl (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications—Amendment 7:Enhanced Throughput for Operation in License-Exempt Bands Above 45 GHz,November 2017)) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof,devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing WFAPeer-to-Peer (P2P) specifications (WiFi P2P technical specification,version 1.7, Jul. 6, 2016) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingWireless-Gigabit-Alliance (WGA) specifications (including WirelessGigabit Alliance, Inc WiGig MAC and PHY Specification Version 1.1, April2011, Final specification) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingcellular specifications and/or protocols, e.g., 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or futureversions and/or derivatives thereof, units and/or devices which are partof the above networks, and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-wayradio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communicationsystems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, aPersonal Communication Systems (PCS) device, a PDA device whichincorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portableGlobal Positioning System (GPS) device, a device which incorporates aGPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFIDelement or chip, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver ordevice, a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, aMultiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a devicehaving one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, DigitalVideo Broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devicesor systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a Smartphone, aWireless Application Protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types ofwireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, RadioFrequency (RF), Infra Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM),Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access(OFDMA), FDM Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division MultipleAccess (TDMA), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Spatial Division MultipleAccess (SDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service(GPRS), extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), WidebandCDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA,Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth®,Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee™, Ultra-Wideband(UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G,4G, Fifth Generation (5G), or Sixth Generation (6G) mobile networks,3GPP, Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, Enhanced Data rates forGSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used invarious other devices, systems and/or networks.

The term “wireless device”, as used herein, includes, for example, adevice capable of wireless communication, a communication device capableof wireless communication, a communication station capable of wirelesscommunication, a portable or non-portable device capable of wirelesscommunication, or the like. In some demonstrative embodiments, awireless device may be or may include a peripheral that is integratedwith a computer, or a peripheral that is attached to a computer. In somedemonstrative embodiments, the term “wireless device” may optionallyinclude a wireless service.

The term “communicating” as used herein with respect to a communicationsignal includes transmitting the communication signal and/or receivingthe communication signal. For example, a communication unit, which iscapable of communicating a communication signal, may include atransmitter to transmit the communication signal to at least one othercommunication unit, and/or a communication receiver to receive thecommunication signal from at least one other communication unit. Theverb communicating may be used to refer to the action of transmitting orthe action of receiving. In one example, the phrase “communicating asignal” may refer to the action of transmitting the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of receiving thesignal by a second device. In another example, the phrase “communicatinga signal” may refer to the action of receiving the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of transmitting thesignal by a second device. The communication signal may be transmittedand/or received, for example, in the form of Radio Frequency (RF)communication signals, and/or any other type of signal.

As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, orinclude, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), anintegrated circuit, an electronic circuit, a processor (shared,dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), thatexecute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logiccircuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide thedescribed functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may beimplemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may beimplemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In someembodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable inhardware.

The term “logic” may refer, for example, to computing logic embedded incircuitry of a computing apparatus and/or computing logic stored in amemory of a computing apparatus. For example, the logic may beaccessible by a processor of the computing apparatus to execute thecomputing logic to perform computing functions and/or operations. In oneexample, logic may be embedded in various types of memory and/orfirmware, e.g., silicon blocks of various chips and/or processors. Logicmay be included in, and/or implemented as part of, various circuitry,e.g. radio circuitry, receiver circuitry, control circuitry, transmittercircuitry, transceiver circuitry, processor circuitry, and/or the like.In one example, logic may be embedded in volatile memory and/ornon-volatile memory, including random access memory, read only memory,programmable memory, magnetic memory, flash memory, persistent memory,and the like. Logic may be executed by one or more processors usingmemory, e.g., registers, stuck, buffers, and/or the like, coupled to theone or more processors, e.g., as necessary to execute the logic.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a WLAN,e.g., a WiFi network. Other embodiments may be used in conjunction withany other suitable wireless communication network, for example, awireless area network, a “piconet”, a WPAN, a WVAN and the like.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with awireless communication network communicating over a frequency band above45 Gigahertz (GHz), e.g., 60 GHz. However, other embodiments may beimplemented utilizing any other suitable wireless communicationfrequency bands, for example, an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band(the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band), e.g., a frequency bandwithin the frequency band of between 20 Ghz and 300 GHz, a frequencyband above 45 GHz, a 5G frequency band, a frequency band below 20 GHz,e.g., a Sub 1 GHz (S1G) band, a 2.4 GHz band, a 5 GHz band, a WLANfrequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a frequency band according to theWGA specification, and the like.

The term “antenna”, as used herein, may include any suitableconfiguration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antennaelements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. In someembodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using separate transmit and receive antenna elements. Insome embodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements. The antenna may include, for example, a phased array antenna,a single element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and/or thelike.

The phrases “directional multi-gigabit (DMG)” and “directional band” (DBand), as used herein, may relate to a frequency band wherein the Channelstarting frequency is above 45 GHz. In one example, DMG communicationsmay involve one or more directional links to communicate at a rate ofmultiple gigabits per second, for example, at least 1 Gigabit persecond, e.g., at least 7 Gigabit per second, at least 30 Gigabit persecond, or any other rate.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented by a DMG STA (alsoreferred to as a “mmWave STA (mSTA)”), which may include for example, aSTA having a radio transmitter, which is capable of operating on achannel that is within the DMG band. The DMG STA may perform otheradditional or alternative functionality. Other embodiments may beimplemented by any other apparatus, device and/or station.

Reference is made to FIG. 1, which schematically illustrates a system100, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

As shown in FIG. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, system 100 mayinclude one or more wireless communication devices. For example, system100 may include a wireless communication device 102, a wirelesscommunication device 140, a wireless communication device 160, and/orone more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 mayinclude a mobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static, device.

For example, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may include, for example, a UE,an MD, a STA, an AP, a PC, a desktop computer, a mobile computer, alaptop computer, an Ultrabook™ computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, an Internet of Things(IoT) device, a sensor device, a handheld device, a wearable device, aPDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-boarddevice, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalitieswith PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device,a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile ornon-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device,a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, amobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively smallcomputing device, a non-desktop computer, a “Carry Small Live Large”(CSLL) device, an Ultra Mobile Device (UMD), an Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC),a Mobile Internet Device (MID), an “Origami” device or computing device,a device that supports Dynamically Composable Computing (DCC), acontext-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, aSet-Top-Box (STB), a Blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a DigitalVideo Disc (DVD) player, a High Definition (HD) DVD player, a DVDrecorder, a HD DVD recorder, a Personal Video Recorder (PVR), abroadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, anaudio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat paneldisplay, a Personal Media Player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), adigital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier,a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a Digital Still camera(DSC), a media player, a Smartphone, a television, a music player, orthe like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include, for example,one or more of a processor 191, an input unit 192, an output unit 193, amemory unit 194, and/or a storage unit 195; and/or devices 140 and/or160 may include, for example, one or more of a processor 181, an inputunit 182, an output unit 183, a memory unit 184, and/or a storage unit185. Devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may optionally include other suitablehardware components and/or software components. In some demonstrativeembodiments, some or all of the components of one or more of devices102, 140 and/or 160 may be enclosed in a common housing or packaging,and may be interconnected or operably associated using one or more wiredor wireless links. In other embodiments, components of one or more ofdevices 102, 140 and/or 160 may be distributed among multiple orseparate devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, processor 191 and/or processor 181may include, for example, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a DigitalSignal Processor (DSP), one or more processor cores, a single-coreprocessor, a dual-core processor, a multiple-core processor, amicroprocessor, a host processor, a controller, a plurality ofprocessors or controllers, a chip, a microchip, one or more circuits,circuitry, a logic unit, an Integrated Circuit (IC), anApplication-Specific IC (ASIC), or any other suitable multi-purpose orspecific processor or controller. Processor 191 may executeinstructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 102and/or of one or more suitable applications. Processor 181 may executeinstructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 140and/or of one or more suitable applications.

In some demonstrative embodiments, input unit 192 and/or input unit 182may include, for example, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch-screen,a touch-pad, a track-ball, a stylus, a microphone, or other suitablepointing device or input device. Output unit 193 and/or output unit 183may include, for example, a monitor, a screen, a touch-screen, a flatpanel display, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) display unit, a LiquidCrystal Display (LCD) display unit, a plasma display unit, one or moreaudio speakers or earphones, or other suitable output devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, memory unit 194 and/or memory unit184 includes, for example, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read OnlyMemory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), a flashmemory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a cache memory, abuffer, a short term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or othersuitable memory units. Storage unit 195 and/or storage unit 185 mayinclude, for example, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a CompactDisk (CD) drive, a CD-ROM drive, a DVD drive, or other suitableremovable or non-removable storage units. Memory unit 194 and/or storageunit 195, for example, may store data processed by device 102. Memoryunit 184 and/or storage unit 185, for example, may store data processedby device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102,140 and/or 160 may be capable of communicating content, data,information and/or signals via a wireless medium (WM) 103. In somedemonstrative embodiments, wireless medium 103 may include, for example,a radio channel, a cellular channel, an RF channel, a WiFi channel, a 5Gchannel, an IR channel, a Bluetooth (BT) channel, a Global NavigationSatellite System (GNSS) Channel, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or moredirectional bands and/or channels. For example, WM 103 may include oneor more millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication bands and/orchannels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or more DMGchannels. In other embodiments WM 103 may include any other directionalchannels.

In other embodiments, WM 103 may include any other type of channel overany other frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may include one or more radios including circuitry and/or logic toperform wireless communication between devices 102, 140, 160 and/or oneor more other wireless communication devices. For example, device 102may include at least one radio 114, and/or device 140 may include atleast one radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude one or more wireless receivers (Rx) including circuitry and/orlogic to receive wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames,blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items, and/ordata. For example, radio 114 may include at least one receiver 116,and/or radio 144 may include at least one receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude one or more wireless transmitters (Tx) including circuitryand/or logic to transmit wireless communication signals, RF signals,frames, blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items,and/or data. For example, radio 114 may include at least one transmitter118, and/or radio 144 may include at least one transmitter 148.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144,transmitters 118 and/or 148, and/or receivers 116 and/or 146 may includecircuitry; logic; Radio Frequency (RF) elements, circuitry and/or logic;baseband elements, circuitry and/or logic; modulation elements,circuitry and/or logic; demodulation elements, circuitry and/or logic;amplifiers; analog to digital and/or digital to analog converters;filters; and/or the like. For example, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude or may be implemented as part of a wireless Network InterfaceCard (NIC), and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may beconfigured to communicate over a directional band, for example, anmmWave band, a 5G band, and/or any other band, for example, a 2.4 GHzband, a 5 GHz band, a S1G band, and/or any other band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include, ormay be associated with one or more, e.g., a plurality of, directionalantennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, directional antennas 107, and/or device 140 mayinclude on or more, e.g., a plurality of, directional antennas 147.

Antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any type of antennas suitable fortransmitting and/or receiving wireless communication signals, blocks,frames, transmission streams, packets, messages and/or data. Forexample, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any suitable configuration,structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements,components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. Antennas 107 and/or 147 mayinclude, for example, antennas suitable for directional communication,e.g., using beamforming techniques. For example, antennas 107 and/or 147may include a phased array antenna, a multiple element antenna, a set ofswitched beam antennas, and/or the like. In some embodiments, antennas107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receive functionalities usingseparate transmit and receive antenna elements. In some embodiments,antennas 107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may includedirectional antennas, which may be steered to one or more beamdirections. For example, antennas 107 may be steered to one or more beamdirections 135, and/or antennas 147 may be steered to one or more beamdirections 145.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may includeand/or may be implemented as part of a single Phased Antenna Array(PAA).

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may beimplemented as part of a plurality of PAAs, for example, as a pluralityof physically independent PAAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PAA may include, for example, arectangular geometry, e.g., including an integer number, denoted M, ofrows, and an integer number, denoted N, of columns. In otherembodiments, any other types of antennas and/or antenna arrays may beused.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or antennas 147 maybe connected to, and/or associated with, one or more Radio Frequency(RF) chains.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, RF chains 109 connected to, and/or associatedwith, antennas 107.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 109 may beincluded as part of, and/or implemented as part of one or more elementsof radio 114, e.g., as part of transmitter 118 and/or receiver 116.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, RF chains 149 connected to, and/or associatedwith, antennas 147.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 149 may beincluded as part of, and/or implemented as part of one or more elementsof radio 144, e.g., as part of transmitter 148 and/or receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a controller124, and/or device 140 may include a controller 154. Controller 124 maybe configured to perform and/or to trigger, cause, instruct and/orcontrol device 102 to perform, one or more communications, to generateand/or communicate one or more messages and/or transmissions, and/or toperform one or more functionalities, operations and/or proceduresbetween devices 102, 140, 160 and/or one or more other devices; and/orcontroller 154 may be configured to perform, and/or to trigger, cause,instruct and/or control device 140 to perform, one or morecommunications, to generate and/or communicate one or more messagesand/or transmissions, and/or to perform one or more functionalities,operations and/or procedures between devices 102, 140, 160 and/or one ormore other devices, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controllers 124 and/or 154 mayinclude, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitryand/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/orlogic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC)circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic,baseband (BB) circuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BB memory,Application Processor (AP) circuitry and/or logic, an AP processor, anAP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic, configured toperform the functionality of controllers 124 and/or 154, respectively.Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities ofcontrollers 124 and/or 154 may be implemented by logic, which may beexecuted by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as describedbelow.

In one example, controller 124 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 102,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device102, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein. In one example, controller124 may include at least one memory, e.g., coupled to the one or moreprocessors, which may be configured, for example, to store, e.g., atleast temporarily, at least some of the information processed by the oneor more processors and/or circuitry, and/or which may be configured tostore logic to be utilized by the processors and/or circuitry.

In one example, controller 154 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 140,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device140, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein. In one example, controller154 may include at least one memory, e.g., coupled to the one or moreprocessors, which may be configured, for example, to store, e.g., atleast temporarily, at least some of the information processed by the oneor more processors and/or circuitry, and/or which may be configured tostore logic to be utilized by the processors and/or circuitry.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a messageprocessor 128 configured to generate, process and/or access one ormessages communicated by device 102.

In one example, message processor 128 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 102, and/or messageprocessor 128 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 102, e.g., as described below.

In one example, message processor 128 may include at least one firstcomponent configured to generate a message, for example, in the form ofa frame, field, information element and/or protocol data unit, forexample, a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU); at least one second componentconfigured to convert the message into a PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU),for example, by processing the message generated by the at least onefirst component, e.g., by encoding the message, modulating the messageand/or performing any other additional or alternative processing of themessage; and/or at least one third component configured to causetransmission of the message over a wireless communication medium, e.g.,over a wireless communication channel in a wireless communicationfrequency band, for example, by applying to one or more fields of thePPDU one or more transmit waveforms. In other embodiments, messageprocessor 128 may be configured to perform any other additional oralternative functionality and/or may include any other additional oralternative components to generate and/or process a message to betransmitted.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include a messageprocessor 158 configured to generate, process and/or access one ormessages communicated by device 140.

In one example, message processor 158 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 140, and/or messageprocessor 158 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 140, e.g., as described below.

In one example, message processor 158 may include at least one firstcomponent configured to generate a message, for example, in the form ofa frame, field, information element and/or protocol data unit, forexample, a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU); at least one second componentconfigured to convert the message into a PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU),for example, by processing the message generated by the at least onefirst component, e.g., by encoding the message, modulating the messageand/or performing any other additional or alternative processing of themessage; and/or at least one third component configured to causetransmission of the message over a wireless communication medium, e.g.,over a wireless communication channel in a wireless communicationfrequency band, for example, by applying to one or more fields of thePPDU one or more transmit waveforms. In other embodiments, messageprocessor 158 may be configured to perform any other additional oralternative functionality and/or may include any other additional oralternative components to generate and/or process a message to betransmitted.

In some demonstrative embodiments, message processors 128 and/or 158 mayinclude, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitryand/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/orlogic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC)circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic, BBcircuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BB memory, AP circuitry and/orlogic, an AP processor, an AP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/orlogic, configured to perform the functionality of message processors 128and/or 158, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, one or morefunctionalities of message processors 128 and/or 158 may be implementedby logic, which may be executed by a machine and/or one or moreprocessors, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of radio 114, and/or atleast part of the functionality of message processor 158 may beimplemented as part of radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of controller 124,and/or at least part of the functionality of message processor 158 maybe implemented as part of controller 154.

In other embodiments, the functionality of message processor 128 may beimplemented as part of any other element of device 102, and/or thefunctionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of anyother element of device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 124 and/or message processor 128 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 114. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 124, one or more elements of messageprocessor 128, and/or one or more elements of radio 114. In one example,controller 124, message processor 128, and radio 114 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 124, message processor 128 and/or radio114 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 154 and/or message processor 158 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 144. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 154, one or more elements of messageprocessor 158, and/or one or more elements of radio 144. In one example,controller 154, message processor 158, and radio 144 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 154, message processor 158 and/or radio144 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may include, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one ormore functionalities of, one or more STAs. For example, device 102 mayinclude at least one STA, and/or device 140 may include at least oneSTA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may include, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one ormore functionalities of, one or more DMG STAs. For example, device 102may include, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, at least one DMG STA, and/or device 140 may include,operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, at least one DMG STA.

In other embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may include, operateas, perform the role of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of,any other wireless device and/or station, e.g., a WLAN STA, a WiFi STA,and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may be configured operate as, perform the role of, and/or performone or more functionalities of, an access point (AP), e.g., a DMG AP,and/or a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point (PCP), e.g., aDMG PCP, for example, an AP/PCP STA, e.g., a DMG AP/PCP STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may be configured operate as, perform the role of, and/or performone or more functionalities of, an access point (AP), e.g., a DMG AP,and/or a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point (PCP), e.g., aDMG PCP, for example, an AP/PCP STA, e.g., a DMG AP/PCP STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may be configured to operate as, perform the role of, and/or performone or more functionalities of, a non-AP STA, e.g., a DMG non-AP STA,and/or a non-PCP STA, e.g., a DMG non-PCP STA, for example, a non-AP/PCPSTA, e.g., a DMG non-AP/PCP STA.

In one example, device 102 may be configured to operate as, perform therole of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, an AP/PCP STA,e.g., an EDMG AP/PCP STA; and/or devices 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, a non-AP/PCP STA, e.g., an EDMG non-AP/PCP STA.

In other embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device 160 mayoperate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, any other additional or alternative device and/orstation.

In one example, a station (STA) may include a logical entity that is asingly addressable instance of a medium access control (MAC) andphysical layer (PHY) interface to the wireless medium (WM). The STA mayperform any other additional or alternative functionality.

In one example, an AP may include an entity that contains a station(STA), e.g., one STA, and provides access to distribution services, viathe wireless medium (WM) for associated STAs. The AP may perform anyother additional or alternative functionality.

In one example, a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point (PCP)may include an entity that contains a STA, e.g., one station (STA), andcoordinates access to the wireless medium (WM) by STAs that are membersof a PBSS. The PCP may perform any other additional or alternativefunctionality.

In one example, a PBSS may include a directional multi-gigabit (DMG)basic service set (BSS) that includes, for example, one PBSS controlpoint (PCP). For example, access to a distribution system (DS) may notbe present, but, for example, an intra-PBSS forwarding service mayoptionally be present.

In one example, a PCP/AP STA may include a station (STA) that is atleast one of a PCP or an AP. The PCP/AP STA may perform any otheradditional or alternative functionality.

In one example, a non-AP STA may include a STA that is not containedwithin an AP. The non-AP STA may perform any other additional oralternative functionality.

In one example, a non-PCP STA may include a STA that is not a PCP. Thenon-PCP STA may perform any other additional or alternativefunctionality.

In one example, a non PCP/AP STA may include a STA that is not a PCP andthat is not an AP. The non-PCP/AP STA may perform any other additionalor alternative functionality.

In some demonstrative embodiments devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to communicate over a Next Generation 60 GHz (NG60) network,an Enhanced DMG (EDMG) network, and/or any other network. For example,devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may perform Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output(MIMO) communication, for example, for communicating over the NG60and/or EDMG networks, e.g., over an NG60 or an EDMG frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to operate in accordance with one or more Specifications, forexample, including one or more IEEE 802.11 Specifications, e.g., an IEEE802.11-2016 Specification, an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, and/or anyother specification and/or protocol.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, as partof a new standard in an mmWave band, e.g., a 60 GHz frequency bandand/or any other directional band, for example, as an evolution of anIEEE 802.11-2016 Specification and/or an IEEE 802.11ad Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured according to one or more standards, for example, inaccordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Standard, which may be, for example,configured to enhance the efficiency and/or performance of an IEEE802.11ad Specification, which may be configured to provide Wi-Ficonnectivity in a 60 GHz band.

Some demonstrative embodiments may enable, for example, to significantlyincrease the data transmission rates defined in the IEEE 802.11adSpecification, for example, from 7 Gigabit per second (Gbps), e.g., upto 30 Gbps, or to any other data rate, which may, for example, satisfygrowing demand in network capacity for new coming applications.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, to allowincreasing a transmission data rate, for example, by applying MIMOand/or channel bonding techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to communicate MIMO communications over the mmWave wirelesscommunication band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may be configured to support one or more mechanisms and/or features,for example, channel bonding, Single User (SU) MIMO, and/or Multi-User(MU) MIMO, for example, in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Standardand/or any other standard and/or protocol.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may include, operate as, perform a role of, and/or perform thefunctionality of, one or more EDMG STAs. For example, device 102 mayinclude, operate as, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionalityof, at least one EDMG STA, and/or device 140 may include, operate as,perform a role of, and/or perform the functionality of, at least oneEDMG STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 mayimplement a communication scheme, which may include Physical layer (PHY)and/or Media Access Control (MAC) layer schemes, for example, to supportone or more applications, and/or increased transmission data rates,e.g., data rates of up to 30 Gbps, or any other data rate.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PHY and/or MAC layer schemes maybe configured to support frequency channel bonding over a mmWave band,e.g., over a 60 GHz band, SU MIMO techniques, and/or MU-MIMO techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may be configuredto enable SU and/or MU communication of Downlink (DL) and/or Uplinkframes (UL) using a MIMO scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may be configured to implement one or more MU communicationmechanisms. For example, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may be configuredto implement one or more MU mechanisms, which may be configured toenable MU communication of DL frames using a MIMO scheme, for example,between a device, e.g., device 102, and a plurality of devices, e.g.,including device 140, device 160, and/or one or more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to communicate over an NG60 network, an EDMG network, and/orany other network and/or any other frequency band. For example, devices102, 140 and/or 160 may be configured to communicate DL MIMOtransmissions and/or UL MIMO transmissions, for example, forcommunicating over the NG60 and/or EDMG networks.

Some wireless communication Specifications, for example, the IEEE802.11ad-2012 Specification, may be configured to support a SU system,in which a STA may transmit frames to a single STA at a time. SuchSpecifications may not be able, for example, to support a STAtransmitting to multiple STAs simultaneously, for example, using aMU-MIMO scheme, e.g., a DL MU-MIMO, or any other MU scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to communicate over a channel bandwidth, e.g., of at least2.16 GHz, in a frequency band above 45 GHz.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may, for example,enable to extend a single-channel BW scheme, e.g., a scheme inaccordance with the IEEE 802.11ad Specification or any other scheme, forhigher data rates and/or increased capabilities, e.g., as describedbelow.

In one example, the single-channel BW scheme may include communicationover a 2.16 GHz channel (also referred to as a “single-channel” or a“DMG channel”).

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support communication over a channel BW (also referredto as a “wide channel”, an “EDMG channel”, or a “bonded channel”)including two or more channels, e.g., two or more 2.16 GHz channels,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel bonding mechanisms mayinclude, for example, a mechanism and/or an operation whereby two ormore channels, e.g., 2.16 GHz channels, can be combined, e.g., for ahigher bandwidth of packet transmission, for example, to enableachieving higher data rates, e.g., when compared to transmissions over asingle channel. Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein withrespect to communication over a channel BW including two or more 2.16GHz channels, however other embodiments may be implemented with respectto communications over a channel bandwidth, e.g., a “wide” channel,including or formed by any other number of two or more channels, forexample, an aggregated channel including an aggregation of two or morechannels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may be configured to implement one or more channel bondingmechanisms, which may, for example, support an increased channelbandwidth, for example, a channel BW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48GHz, a channel BW of 8.64 GHz, and/or any other additional oralternative channel BW, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may be configured to implement one or more channel bondingmechanisms, which may, for example, support an increased channelbandwidth, for example, a channel BW of 4.32 GHz, e.g., including two2.16 Ghz channels according to a channel bonding factor of two, achannel BW of 6.48 GHz, e.g., including three 2.16 Ghz channelsaccording to a channel bonding factor of three, a channel BW of 8.64GHz, e.g., including four 2.16 Ghz channels according to a channelbonding factor of four, and/or any other additional or alternativechannel BW, e.g., including any other number of 2.16 Ghz channels and/oraccording to any other channel bonding factor.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102, device 140 and/or device160 may be configured to communicate one or more transmissions over oneor more channel BWs, for example, including a channel BW of 2.16 GHz, achannel BW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of 8.64GHz and/or any other channel BW.

In some demonstrative embodiments, introduction of MIMO may be based,for example, on implementing robust transmission modes and/or enhancingthe reliability of data transmission, e.g., rather than the transmissionrate, compared to a Single Input Single Output (SISO) case. For example,one or more Space Time Block Coding (STBC) schemes utilizing aspace-time channel diversity property may be implemented to achieve oneor more enhancements for the MIMO transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to generate, process, transmit and/or receive a PhysicalLayer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) having a PPDU format (alsoreferred to as “EDMG PPDU format”), which may be configured, forexample, for communication between EDMG stations, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PPDU, e.g., an EDMG PPDU, mayinclude at least one non-EDMG fields, e.g., a legacy field, which may beidentified, decodable, and/or processed by one or more devices(“non-EDMG devices”, or “legacy devices”), which may not support one ormore features and/or mechanisms (“non-legacy” mechanisms or “EDMGmechanisms”). For example, the legacy devices may include non-EDMGstations, which may be, for example, configured according to an IEEE802.11-2016 Standard, and the like. For example, a non-EDMG station mayinclude a DMG station, which is not an EDMG station.

Reference is made to FIG. 2, which schematically illustrates an EDMGPPDU format 200, which may be implemented in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments.

In one example, device 102 (FIG. 1), device 140 (FIG. 1), and/or device160 (FIG. 1) may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/orprocess one or more EDMG PPDUs having the structure and/or format ofEDMG PPDU 200.

In one example, device 102 (FIG. 1), device 140 (FIG. 1), and/or device160 (FIG. 1) may communicate PPDU 200, for example, as part of atransmission over a channel, e.g., an EDMG channel, having a channelbandwidth including one or more 2.16 GHz channels, for example,including a channel BW of 2.16 GHz, a channel BW of 4.32 GHz, a channelBW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of 8.64 GHz, and/or any other channel BW,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, EDMG PPDU 200 mayinclude a non-EDMG portion 210 (“legacy portion”), e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, non-EDMG portion210 may include a non-EDMG (legacy) Short Training Field (STF) (L-STF)202, a non-EDMG (Legacy) Channel Estimation Field (CEF) (L-CEF) 204,and/or a non-EDMG header (L-header) 206.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, EDMG PPDU 200,may include an EDMG portion 220, for example, following non-EDMG portion210, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, EDMG portion 220may include a first EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-A 208, an EDMG-STF212, an EDMG-CEF 214, a second EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-B 216,a Data field 218, and/or one or more beamforming training fields, e.g.,a TRN field 224.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG portion 220 may include some orall of the fields shown in FIG. 2, and/or one or more other additionalor alternative fields.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG-Header-B field 216 may beincluded, for example, in EDMG MU PPDUs, for example, on a per STAbasis.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG-Header-B field 216 correspondingto a STA addressed by the EDMG MU PPDU may include, for example,information relating to a transmission of a data unit, for example, aPHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) to the STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG Header B field 216 may includefor example, 64 bits. In other embodiments, the EDMG Header B field 216may include any other number of bits.

In one example, EDMG Header B field 216 corresponding to the STA mayinclude, for example, at least a scrambler seed field, a PSDU lengthfield, e.g., to indicate a length of the PSDU to the STA, and/or one ormore Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) fields to indicate one or moreMCSs. For example, the Header B field may include first and second MCSfields to indicate MCSs for first and second respective spatial streams.

In other embodiments, EDMG Header B field 216 may include any otheradditional or alternative fields and/or information.

Referring back to FIG. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102and/or 140 may be configured to perform one or more operations of abeamforming training procedure or protocol, for example, between aPCP/AP STA and one or more, e.g., a plurality of, non-PCP/AP STAs. Inone example, device 102 may operate as, perform the role of, and/orperform one or more functionalities of, a non-AP/PCP STA; and/or device140 may operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, an AP/PCP STA.

Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein with respect tobeamforming training between an AP/PCP STA and one or more non-AP/PCPSTAs. However, in other embodiments, the beamforming training may beperformed between any other STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to perform an asymmetric beamforming training procedure,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the asymmetric beamforming trainingprocedure may be preformed between an EDMG initiator STA and one or moreEDMG responder STAs, e.g., as described below.

In one example, device 102 may include, operate as, perform the role of,and/or perform one or more functionalities of, an EDMG initiator STA;and/or device 140 and/or device 160 may include, operate as, perform therole of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of an EDMG responderSTA, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the asymmetric beamforming trainingprocedure may be preformed, for example, to train an asymmetriccommunication link between the EDMG initiator STA and the one or moreEDMG responder STAs, e.g., as described below.

In one example, an asymmetric link may be present when a first STA,e.g., the EDMG initiator STA, is able to receive frames from a secondSTA, e.g., an EDMG responder STA, while frame transmissions from thefirst STA may not be received by the second STA, for example, due to adifference in a link budget between an uplink and a downlink between thefirst and second STAs. For example, the difference in the link budgetmay result from a difference in a number of antenna elements between thefirst and second STAs, for example, if the first STA may use aquasi-omni antenna configuration to communicate with the second STA. Tocompensate for this difference, for example, a directional antennaconfiguration may be used on the AP for listening.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the asymmetric beamforming trainingprocedure may enable an EDMG initiator STA and one or more EDMGresponder STAs to perform beamforming training, for example, even incase of an asymmetric link when a quasi-omni antenna configuration isused by one of the STAs when attempting communication with a peer STA,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an asymmetric beamforming trainingprocedure, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE802.11ay Specification, maybe performed, for example, according to an allocation, e.g., a dedicatedallocation, which may be scheduled, e.g., by an AP/PCP STA, for example,the EDMG initiator STA, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in some use cases,implementations, scenarios, and/or deployments, it may not beadvantageous to use a solution, which considers scheduling of abeamforming training allocation, which includes two consecutive steps,for example, a first step in which an AP/PCP STA performs sweepingthrough all sectors in the listening mode with the same duration oflistening on each sector; and a second step in which the AP/PCP STAtransmits acknowledgements for each sector.

In one example, this solution may a have a technical problem as it mayconsume a lot of time, for example, in case of a large number ofsectors, e.g., as may be used in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ayimplementation.

In another example, another technical problem may occur, for example, inscenarios where some or even most of the sectors are free of STAs, and,accordingly, listening to these free sectors for several space-timeslots may be a waste of time and/or power.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in some use cases,implementations, scenarios, and/or deployments, it may not beadvantageous to use a solution, in which an AP/PCP STA schedulesbeamforming training allocation by a protocol in which, whiletransmitting scheduling through different sectors, the AP/PCP STAindicates different periods of this allocation. This period may berelated to the period of listening in the respective sector during thefirst step of beamforming training allocation.

For example, this solution may a have a technical problem as it mayrequire acknowledgement in an undefined period, which may require STAsto stay in a listening mode quite a long time. This requirement may leadto unnecessary power consumption.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140 and/or 160 may beconfigured to perform one or more operations and/or communicationsaccording to a beamforming procedure, mechanism, and/or protocol, whichmay be configured, for example, to support asymmetric beamformingtraining, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, one or more operations and/or communications ofthe beamforming procedure may be implemented with respect to any otheradditional or alternative type of beamforming training.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the beamforming procedure may beperformed between an EDMG initiator STA, for example, an AP/PCP STA,e.g., device 102, and one or more EDMG responder STAs, for example, nonAP/PCP STAs, e.g., devices 140 and 160, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a beamforming training allocation,e.g., in a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) of a Beacon Interval (BI), maybe scheduled per sector, e.g., as described below.

For example, an AP/PCP STA, for example, an EDMG initiator STA, e.g.,device 102, may be configured to schedule the beamforming trainingallocation during the DTI, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the beamforming training allocationmay include one or more, e.g., several, slots, for example, space-timeslots, during which the AP/PCP STA may be listening in one specificsector, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more EDMG responder STAs, forexample, non AP/PCP STAs, e.g., devices 140 and/or 160, may beconfigured to transmit one or more Sector Sweep (SSW) frames to theAP/PCP STA, for example, during the one or more slots of the DTI, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the AP/PCP STA may be configured totransmit a sector acknowledge (ACK) frame, for example, after thespace-time slots, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the sector ACK frame may containinformation about STAs, which were detected by the AP/PCP STA during thelistening mode, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the beamforming training proceduredescribed herein may provide one or more technical benefits and/oradvantages and/or may solve one or more technical problems, e.g., asdescribed below.

For example, the beamforming training procedure described herein mayprovide more flexibility to the AP/PCP STA, for example, by allowing theAP/PCP STA to allocate a different number of space-time slots fordifferent sectors, or even to skip any one or more sectors at all.Accordingly, the beamforming training procedure described herein maysupport performing asymmetric beamforming training, for example, evenonly in some specific sector or a plurality of specific sectors. As aresult, the beamforming training procedure described herein may providetechnical benefits, for example, at least in terms of power consumption,medium usage and/or time duration.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a beamforming training procedure, forexample, of asymmetric beamforming training and/or any other beamformingtraining, may include, for example, scheduling, e.g., during a BeaconTransmission Interval (BTI) of a BI, one or more beamforming trainingallocations to be allocated during a DTI of the BI, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a STA, for example, an AP/PCP STA,e.g., device 102, may be configured to schedule one or more beamformingtraining allocations, for example, during a DTI of a BI, for asymmetricbeamforming training, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include, operate as,perform the role of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, anEDMG initiator STA, e.g., an AP/PCP STA; devices 140 and/or 160 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, an EDMG responder STA, e.g., a non AP/PCP STA, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG initiator STA, e.g., device102, may perform an asymmetric beamforming training with one or moreEDMG responder STAs, e.g., devices 140 and 160, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to transmit a beacon, for example, during a BTIof a BI, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to transmit the beacon including one or moreTraining (TRN) subfields, for example, Receive Training (TRN-R)subfields, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to transmit the beacon through an antenna sectorfor which beamforming training, e.g., asymmetric beamforming training,is to be performed, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to determine a schedule in a DTI of the BI, e.g.,after the BTI, for an allocation of beamforming training for the sector,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger an EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to, during a BTI in a BI, transmit a beacon via a sector ofdevice 102, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger an EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to generate the beacon to include allocation information toallocate a beamforming training allocation for asymmetric beamformingtraining of the sector during a DTI in the BI after the BTI, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger an EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to generate the beacon to include one or more ReceiveTraining (TRN-R) subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training ofthe sector, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the allocation information in an EDMG extendedschedule element, as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to include the allocation information of thebeamforming training allocation, for example, as part of the EDMGextended schedule element and/or any other element, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to transmit the allocation information, e.g., inthe EDMG extended schedule element, via the sector for which thebeamforming training is to be performed, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the one or more TRN-R subfields maybe used for the asymmetric beamforming training of the sector, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the allocation may include one ormore slots, for example, space-time slots, e.g., as described below. Inother embodiments, any other configuration and/or types of one or moreslots may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the beamforming training allocationmay include a plurality of slots, during which device 102 may beconfigured to listen on the sector for the one or more SSW frames, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of slots may include aplurality of space-time slots, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a duration of a slot of the pluralityof slots may be based on, for example, a sum of an air propagation time(aAirPropagationTime), a transmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW))and a short Interframe Space (aSIFSTime), e.g., as described below.

In one example, a space-time slot may have a duration ofaAirPropagationTime+TXTIME(SSW)+aSIFSTime, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, any other duration for the space-time slot may beused.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a STA, e.g., an EDMG responder STA,for example, a non-PCP/AP STA, e.g., device 140, may be configured toreceive the beacon and to use the TRN-R fields to perform receiveantenna training, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger an EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to, during the BTI in the BI, receive from an EDMG initiatorSTA, e.g., device 102, the beacon including the allocation informationto allocate the beamforming training allocation and the one or moreTRN-R subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training with the sectorof device 102, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the beamforming training allocationmay include the plurality of slots for the asymmetric beamformingtraining with the sector of device 102 during the DTI in the BI afterthe BTI, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to process the EDMG extended schedule element including theallocation information, for example, in the beacon from device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG responder STA, e.g., device140, may be configured to transmit an SSW frame to the EDMG initiatorSTA e.g., device 102, for example, during the DTI, for example, based onthe allocation information from the EDMG responder STA, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG responder STA, e.g., device140, may be configured to select a slot to transmit the SSW frame, e.g.,randomly.

In other embodiments, the slot may be selected according to any othercriterion or scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG responder STA e.g., device140, may be configured to transmit the SSW frame in a directional mode,for example, using the same sector trained by the TRN-R, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to select a selected slot from the plurality of slots, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to randomly select the selected slot for transmission of theSSW frame from the plurality of slots, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to transmit an SSW frame to device 102 during the slot, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to transmit the SSW frame via a sector of device 140, whichis trained by the TRN-R subfields of the beacon from device 102, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to listen over the sector from which the beaconis transmitted, during the beamforming training allocation in the DTI,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to, during the beamforming training allocation, listen on thesector for one or more SSW frames from one or more EDMG responder STAs,for example, including device 140, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may receive the SSW framefrom device 140, e.g., via the sector of device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to transmit a sector ACK frame, for example,following the allocation in the DTI, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to, during the beamforming training allocation, transmit viathe sector a sector ACK frame including information based on the one ormore SSW frames, e.g., including the SSW frame from device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the sector ACK frame mayinclude information based on the SSW frame from device 140, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the sector ACK frame after the plurality of slotsof the beamforming training allocation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the sector ACK frame may be a MediumBeamforming Interframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality ofslots.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the sector ACK frame an MBIFS interval after theplurality of slots of the beamforming training allocation, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to transmit the sector ACK frame, for example, ann MBIFS after the slots in the beamforming training allocation, e.g., asdescribed below. In other embodiments, the sector ACK frame may betransmitted at any other timing.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to transmit the sector ACK frame, for example,via the same sector used by the EDMG initiator STA for listening duringthe beamforming training allocation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG initiator STA e.g., device102, may be configured to include in the sector ACK frame feedbackinformation corresponding to one or more STAs, e.g., including the EDMGresponder STA of device 140, from which the EDMG initiator STA hasreceived an SSW frame during the beamforming training allocation, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to attempt to receive a sector ACK frame from device 102during the beamforming training allocation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to attempt to receive the sector ACK frame from device 102via the sector of device 140, which is trained by the TRN-R subfields ofthe beacon from device 102, e.g., as described below.

In one example, the EDMG responder STA, e.g., device 140, may beconfigured to switch to a directional receive mode in the sector ofdevice 140, which is trained by the TRN-R, for example, aftertransmitting the SSW frame, for example, to allow the EDMG responder STAto receive the sector ACK frame, e.g., from the EDMG initiator STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 maycommunicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sector ACK frame over afrequency band above 45 GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sector ACKframe over a frequency band above 45 GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sector ACKframe over a frequency band above 45 GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 maycommunicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sector ACK frame over achannel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sector ACKframe over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG responder STA implemented bydevice 140 to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sector ACKframe over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 maycommunicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and/or the sector ACK frame overany other channel bandwidth and/or frequency band.

Reference is made to FIG. 3, which schematically illustrates anasymmetric beamforming training 300, in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the asymmetric beamforming training300 may be preformed between an EDMG initiator STA and one or more EDMGresponder STAs, e.g., as described below.

In one example, device 102 (FIG. 1) may include, operate as, perform therole of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, the EDMGinitiator STA; and/or device 140 (FIG. 1) may include, operate as,perform the role of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of anEDMG responder STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3, during a BTI 302in a BI 304, the EDMG initiator STA may transmit a beacon 310 via asector 312 of the EDMG initiator STA,

In some demonstrative embodiments, the beacon 310 may include allocationinformation to allocate a beamforming training allocation (“BFTallocation”) 306 for asymmetric beamforming training of the sector 312during a DTI 308 in the BI 304, e.g., after the BTI 302.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3, the beamformingtraining allocation 306 may include a plurality of slots 311, duringwhich the EDMG initiator STA is to listen on the sector 312 for one ormore SSW frames, for example, from the one or more EDMG responder STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG responder STA may select aselected slot 314 from the plurality of space-time slots 311, and maytransmit an SSW frame to the EDMG initiator STA during the selected slot314.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3, the EDMGinitiator STA may transmit a sector ACK frame 316, e.g., via the sector312, including information based on the one or more SSW frames from theone or more EDMG responder STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 3, theEDMG initiator STA may be configured to use the same sector 312 fortransmission, e.g., for transmitting the allocation information in thebeacon and/or the TRN-R subfields, as well as for reception during oneor more slots in the BFT allocation 306.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a procedure of asymmetric beamformingtraining, e.g., asymmetric beamforming training 300, between a PCP/APSTA, e.g., the EDMG initiator STA, and one or more non-PCP and non-APSTAs, e.g., one or more EDMG responder STAs, may include, for example,one or more operations, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the procedure of the asymmetricbeamforming training may include, for example, one or more operations ofscheduling during the BTI, for example, BTI 302, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PCP/AP may append TRN-R subfieldsto a DMG Beacon frame, e.g., beacon 310, transmitted through the sector,e.g. sector 312, for which the asymmetric beamforming training is goingto be performed.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PCP/AP may schedule beamformingtraining allocation in a DTI, e.g., beamforming training allocation 306in DTI 308, and may include information about the beamforming trainingallocation in the EDMG Extended Schedule element transmitted through thesector for which the asymmetric beamforming training is going to beperformed, e.g., sector 312.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a non-PCP and non-AP STA thatreceives the DMG Beacon frame with the appended TRN-R fields, e.g.,beacon 310, and that decides to perform asymmetric beamforming trainingshall use the TRN-R fields appended in the DMG Beacon frame to performits receive antenna training.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-PCP or non-AP STA may use oneor more of the beamforming training allocations announced in the EDMGExtended Schedule element to perform the asymmetric beamforming trainingwith the PCP/AP.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the procedure of the asymmetricbeamforming training may include, for example, one or more operationsduring the beamforming training allocation in the DTI, for example,beamforming training allocation 306 in DTI 308, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PCP/AP shall listen in the samesector, which was used for transmission of the DMG Beacon framecontaining the allocation during the last BTI, e.g., sector 312.

In some demonstrative embodiments, while listening the PCP/AP shallprovide several space-time slots for a responder's transmission. Aspace-time slot may have a duration ofaAirPropagationTime+TXTIME(SSW)+aSIFSTime, e.g., as described above.

In one example, a number, denoted N_(STS), of the space-time slots maybe explicitly defined by the PCP/AP, for example, in a description ofthe beamforming training allocation, e.g., in the EDMG Extended Scheduleelement; may be calculated by the non-PCP or non-AP STA, for example,based on a duration of the beamforming training allocation; and/or maybe defined in any other manner.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-PCP or non-AP STA, e.g., theEDMG responder STA, may randomly choose a space-time slot fortransmission of an SSW frame. The transmission of the SSW frame may beperformed in a directional mode using a sector trained by TRN-R in thelast BTI, e.g., BTI 302, for example, if DMG antenna reciprocity andantenna reciprocity is assumed.

In some demonstrative embodiments, after transmission of the SSWframe(s), the non-PCP or non-AP STA may switch to a directional receivemode, for example, in the sector trained by the TRN-R in the last BTI.

In some demonstrative embodiments, MBIFS after the PCP/ AP completeslistening for the N_(STS) space-time slots, e.g., time slots 311, thePCP/AP may transmit a Sector ACK frame in the same sector which was usedfor listening, e.g., sector ACK frame 316 via sector 312.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the Sector ACK frame may include theinformation about the STAs that have been trained during the beamformingtraining allocation.

Referring back to FIG. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments an EDMGinitiator STA, e.g., device 102, may perform an asymmetric beamformingtraining with a plurality of EDMG responder STAs, for example, includingtwo or more EDMG responder STAs, e.g., devices 140 and 160, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, during the BTI in the BI, device 102may transmit a plurality of beacons via a respective plurality ofsectors of device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a beacon, e.g., each beacon,transmitted via a sector, may include allocation information to allocatea beamforming training allocation for asymmetric beamforming training ofthe sector during a DTI in the BI after the BTI, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to transmit during the BTI a first beacon via a first sectorand a second beacon via a second sector, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first beacon may include firstallocation information to allocate a first beamforming trainingallocation for the first sector during the DTI, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the second beacon may include secondallocation information to allocate a second beamforming trainingallocation for the second sector during the DTI, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first beamforming trainingallocation may be different from the second beamforming trainingallocation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to, during the first beamforming training allocation, listenon the first sector for one or more first SSW frames from one or morefirst EDMG responder STAs, for example, including device 140, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to, during the first beamforming training allocation,transmit via the first sector a first sector ACK frame includinginformation based on the one or more first SSW frames, for example,including a first SSW frame from device 140, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to, during the second beamforming training allocation, listenon the second sector for one or more second SSW frames from one or moresecond EDMG responder STAs, for example, including device 160, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocontrol, cause and/or trigger the EDMG initiator STA implemented bydevice 102 to, during the second beamforming training allocation,transmit via the second sector a second sector ACK frame includinginformation based on the one or more second SSW frames, for example,including a second SSW frame from device 160, e.g., as described below.

Reference is made to FIG. 4, which schematically illustrates anasymmetric beamforming training 400, in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the asymmetric beamforming training400 may be preformed between an EDMG initiator STA and two or more EDMGresponder STAs, e.g., including at least a first EDMG responder STA anda second EDMG responder STA, e.g., as described below.

In one example, device 102 (FIG. 1) may include, operate as, perform therole of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, EDMG initiatorSTA 402; and/or device 140 (FIG. 1) and/or device 160 (FIG. 1) mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of the first EDMG responder STA and/or the second EDMGresponder STA, respectively.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the EDMGinitiator STA may transmit during a BTI 402 of a BI 404 a first beacon410 via a first sector 412.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the EDMGinitiator STA may transmit, during BTI 402 of BI 404, a second beacon420 via a second sector 422, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first beacon 410 may includefirst allocation information to allocate a first beamforming trainingallocation 406 for the first sector 412 during a DTI 408 of BI 404,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the second beacon 420 may includesecond allocation information to allocate a second beamforming trainingallocation 426 for the second sector 422 during the DTI 408.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the firstbeamforming training allocation 406 may include a plurality ofspace-time slots 411, during which the EDMG initiator STA is to listenon the sector 412 for one or more SSW frames from one or more first EDMGresponder STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the secondbeamforming training allocation 426 may include a plurality ofspace-time slots 421, during which the EDMG initiator STA is to listenon the sector 422 for one or more SSW frames from one or more secondEDMG responder STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a first EDMG responder STA may selecta selected slot 414 from the plurality of slots 411 and may transmit afirst SSW frame during the selected slot 414 to the EDMG initiator STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a second EDMG responder STA mayselect a selected slot 424 from the plurality of slots 421 and maytransmit a second SSW frame during the selected slot 424 to the EDMGinitiator STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the EDMGinitiator STA may transmit via the first sector 412 a first sector ACKframe 416 including information based on the one or more first SSWframes from the one or more first EDMG responder STAs, e.g., includingthe first SSW frame from the first EDMG responder STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the EDMGinitiator STA may transmit via the second sector 422 a second sector ACKframe 426 including information based on the one or more second SSWframes from the one or more second EDMG responder STAs, e.g., includingthe second SSW frame from the second EDMG responder STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 4, theEDMG initiator STA, may be configured to use BTI 402 to schedule twobeamforming training allocations for two sectors, for example, even fortwo non-consecutive sectors, e.g., beamforming training allocations 406and 426 for the two non-consecutive sectors 412 and 422, respectively.

Reference is made to FIG. 5, which schematically illustrates a method ofasymmetric beamforming training, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments. For example, one or more of the operations of the method ofFIG. 5 may be performed by one or more elements of a system, e.g.,system 100 (FIG. 1), for example, one or more wireless devices, e.g.,device 102 (FIG. 1), device 140 (FIG. 1), and/or device 160 (FIG. 1), acontroller, e.g., controller 124 (FIG. 1) and/or controller 154 (FIG.1), a radio, e.g., radio 114 (FIG. 1) and/or radio 144 (FIG. 1), and/ora message processor, e.g., message processor 128 (FIG. 1) and/or messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1).

As indicated at block 502, the method may include, during a BTI in a BI,transmitting a beacon via a sector of an EDMG initiator STA, the beaconincluding allocation information to allocate a beamforming trainingallocation for asymmetric beamforming training of the sector during aDTI in the BI after the BTI, the beacon including one or more TRN-Rsubfields for the asymmetric beamforming training of the sector. Forexample, controller 124 (FIG. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger,and/or control an EDMG STA implemented by device 102 (FIG. 1) to, duringa BTI in a BI, transmit the beacon via the sector of device 102 (FIG.1), the beacon including the allocation information and the one or moreTRN-R subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training of the sector,e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 504, the method may include, during thebeamforming training allocation, listening on the sector for one or moreSSW frames from one or more EDMG responder STAs. For example, controller124 (FIG. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control theEDMG STA implemented by device 102 (FIG. 1) to, during the beamformingtraining allocation, listen on the sector for the one or more SSW framesfrom the one or more EDMG responder STAs, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 506, the method may include, during thebeamforming training allocation, transmitting via the sector a sectorACK frame including information based on the one or more SSW frames. Forexample, controller 124 (FIG. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger,and/or control the EDMG STA implemented by device 102 (FIG. 1) to,during the beamforming training allocation, transmit via the sector thesector ACK frame including the information based on the one or more SSWframes, e.g., as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 6, which schematically illustrates a method ofasymmetric beamforming training, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments. For example, one or more of the operations of the method ofFIG. 6 may be performed by one or more elements of a system, e.g.,system 100 (FIG. 1), for example, one or more wireless devices, e.g.,device 102 (FIG. 1), device 140 (FIG. 1), and/or device 160 (FIG. 1), acontroller, e.g., controller 124 (FIG. 1) and/or controller 154 (FIG.1), a radio, e.g., radio 114 (FIG. 1) and/or radio 144 (FIG. 1), and/ora message processor, e.g., message processor 128 (FIG. 1) and/or messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1).

As indicated at block 602, the method may include, during a BTI in a BI,receiving at an EDMG responder STA a beacon from an EDMG initiator STA,the beacon including allocation information to allocate a beamformingtraining allocation including a plurality of slots for asymmetricbeamforming training with a sector of the EDMG initiator STA during aDTI in the BI after the BTI, the beacon including one or more TRN-Rsubfields for the asymmetric beamforming training with the sector of theEDMG initiator STA. For example, controller 154 (FIG. 1) may beconfigured to cause, trigger, and/or control an EDMG STA implemented bydevice 140 (FIG. 1) to during the BTI in the BI, receive the beacon fromdevice 102 (FIG. 1), the beacon including the allocation information andthe one or more TRN-R subfields for the asymmetric beamforming trainingwith the sector of device 102 (FIG. 1), e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 604, the method may include selecting a selectedslot from the plurality of slots. For example, controller 154 (FIG. 1)may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control the EDMG STAimplemented by device 140 (FIG. 1) to select the selected slot from theplurality of slots, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 606, the method may include transmitting an SSWframe to the EDMG initiator STA during the selected slot. For example,controller 154 (FIG. 1) may be configured to cause, trigger, and/orcontrol the EDMG STA implemented by device 140 (FIG. 1) to transmit theSSW frame to device 102 (FIG. 1) during the selected slot, e.g., asdescribed above.

As indicated at block 608, the method may include attempting to receivea sector ACK frame from the EDMG initiator STA during the beamformingtraining allocation. For example, controller 154 (FIG. 1) may beconfigured to cause, trigger, and/or control the EDMG STA implemented bydevice 140 (FIG. 1) to attempt to receive the sector ACK frame fromdevice 102 (FIG. 1) during the beamforming training allocation, e.g., asdescribed above.

Reference is made to FIG. 7, which schematically illustrates a productof manufacture 700, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.Product 700 may include one or more tangible computer-readable(“machine-readable”) non-transitory storage media 702, which may includecomputer-executable instructions, e.g., implemented by logic 704,operable to, when executed by at least one computer processor, enablethe at least one computer processor to implement one or more operationsat device 102 (FIG. 1), device 140 (FIG. 1), device 160 (FIG. 1), radio114 (FIG. 1), radio 144 (FIG. 1), transmitter 118 (FIG. 1), transmitter148 (FIG. 1), receiver 116 (FIG. 1), receiver 146 (FIG. 1), messageprocessor 128 (FIG. 1), message processor 158 (FIG. 1), controller 124(FIG. 1), and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1), to cause device 102 (FIG. 1),device 140 (FIG. 1), device 160 (FIG. 1), radio 114 (FIG. 1), radio 144(FIG. 1), transmitter 118 (FIG. 1), transmitter 148 (FIG. 1), receiver116 (FIG. 1), receiver 146 (FIG. 1), message processor 128 (FIG. 1),message processor 158 (FIG. 1), controller 124 (FIG. 1), and/orcontroller 154 (FIG. 1) to perform, trigger and/or implement one or moreoperations and/or functionalities, and/or to perform, trigger and/orimplement one or more operations and/or functionalities described withreference to the FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 5 and/or 6, and/or one or moreoperations described herein. The phrases “non-transitorymachine-readable medium” and “computer-readable non-transitory storagemedia” may be directed to include all computer-readable media, with thesole exception being a transitory propagating signal.

In some demonstrative embodiments, product 700 and/or machine readablestorage media 702 may include one or more types of computer-readablestorage media capable of storing data, including volatile memory,non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable ornon-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and the like. Forexample, machine readable storage media 702 may include, RAM, DRAM,Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDR-DRAM), SDRAM, static RAM (SRAM), ROM,programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electricallyerasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), Compact Disk ROM (CD-ROM), CompactDisk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), flash memory(e.g., NOR or NAND flash memory), content addressable memory (CAM),polymer memory, phase-change memory, ferroelectric memory,silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, a disk, a floppydisk, a hard drive, an optical disk, a magnetic disk, a card, a magneticcard, an optical card, a tape, a cassette, and the like. Thecomputer-readable storage media may include any suitable media involvedwith downloading or transferring a computer program from a remotecomputer to a requesting computer carried by data signals embodied in acarrier wave or other propagation medium through a communication link,e.g., a modem, radio or network connection.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 704 may include instructions,data, and/or code, which, if executed by a machine, may cause themachine to perform a method, process and/or operations as describedherein. The machine may include, for example, any suitable processingplatform, computing platform, computing device, processing device,computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like,and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware,software, firmware, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 704 may include, or may beimplemented as, software, a software module, an application, a program,a subroutine, instructions, an instruction set, computing code, words,values, symbols, and the like. The instructions may include any suitabletype of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code,executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Theinstructions may be implemented according to a predefined computerlanguage, manner or syntax, for instructing a processor to perform acertain function. The instructions may be implemented using any suitablehigh-level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/orinterpreted programming language, such as C, C++, Java, BASIC, Matlab,Pascal, Visual BASIC, assembly language, machine code, and the like.

EXAMPLES

The following examples pertain to further embodiments.

Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising logic and circuitryconfigured to cause an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG)initiator station (STA) of an asymmetric beamforming training to, duringa Beacon Transmission Interval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval (BI), transmita beacon via a sector of the EDMG initiator STA, the beacon comprisingallocation information to allocate a beamforming training allocation forasymmetric beamforming training of the sector during a Data TransferInterval (DTI) in the BI after the BTI, the beacon comprising one ormore Receive Training (TRN-R) subfields for the asymmetric beamformingtraining of the sector; during the beamforming training allocation,listen on the sector for one or more Sector Sweep (SSW) frames from oneor more EDMG responder STAs; and during the beamforming trainingallocation, transmit via the sector a sector acknowledgement (ACK) framecomprising information based on the one or more SSW frames.

Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally,wherein the beamforming training allocation comprises a plurality ofslots, during which the EDMG initiator STA is to listen on the sectorfor the one or more SSW frames.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of Example 2, and optionally,wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality of space-timeslots.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of Example 2 or 3, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG initiator STA totransmit the sector ACK frame after the plurality of slots.

Example 5 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 2-4, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit the sector ACK frame a Medium BeamformingInterframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality of slots.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 2-5, andoptionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slots isbased on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 7 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-6, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit the allocation information in an EDMG extendedschedule element.

Example 8 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-7, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit during the BTI a first beacon via a firstsector and a second beacon via a second sector, the first beaconcomprising first allocation information to allocate a first beamformingtraining allocation for the first sector during the DTI, the secondbeacon comprising second allocation information to allocate a secondbeamforming training allocation for the second sector during the DTI,the first beamforming training allocation is different from the secondbeamforming training allocation.

Example 9 includes the subject matter of Example 8, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG initiator STA to,during the first beamforming training allocation, listen on the firstsector for one or more first SSW frames from one or more first EDMGresponder STAs, and, to, during the second beamforming trainingallocation, listen on the second sector for one or more second SSWframes from one or more second EDMG responder STAs.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of Example 9, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG initiator STA to,during the first beamforming training allocation, transmit via the firstsector a first sector ACK frame comprising information based on the oneor more first SSW frames, and, to, during the second beamformingtraining allocation, transmit via the second sector a second sector ACKframe comprising information based on the one or more second SSW frames.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-10, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frames, and the sectorACK frame over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 12 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-11, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frames, and the sectorACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz,6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 13 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-12, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG initiator STA comprises an Access Point(AP) or a Personal Basic Service Set (PBSS) Control Point (PCP) (AP/PCP)STA.

Example 14 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-13, andoptionally, comprising one or more antennas, a memory, and a processor.

Example 15 includes a system of wireless communication comprising anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) initiator station (STA)of an asymmetric beamforming training, the EDMG initiator STA comprisingone or more antennas; a radio; a memory; a processor; and a controllerconfigured to cause the EDMG initiator STA to, during a BeaconTransmission Interval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval (BI), transmit a beaconvia a sector of the EDMG initiator STA, the beacon comprising allocationinformation to allocate a beamforming training allocation for asymmetricbeamforming training of the sector during a Data Transfer Interval (DTI)in the BI after the BTI, the beacon comprising one or more ReceiveTraining (TRN-R) subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training ofthe sector; during the beamforming training allocation, listen on thesector for one or more Sector Sweep (SSW) frames from one or more EDMGresponder STAs; and during the beamforming training allocation, transmitvia the sector a sector acknowledgement (ACK) frame comprisinginformation based on the one or more SSW frames.

Example 16 includes the subject matter of Example 15, and optionally,wherein the beamforming training allocation comprises a plurality ofslots, during which the EDMG initiator STA is to listen on the sectorfor the one or more SSW frames.

Example 17 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally,wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality of space-timeslots.

Example 18 includes the subject matter of Example 16 or 17, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit the sector ACK frame after the plurality ofslots.

Example 19 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-18, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit the sector ACK frame a Medium BeamformingInterframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality of slots.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-19, andoptionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slots isbased on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 21 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 15-20, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit the allocation information in an EDMG extendedschedule element.

Example 22 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 15-21, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit during the BTI a first beacon via a firstsector and a second beacon via a second sector, the first beaconcomprising first allocation information to allocate a first beamformingtraining allocation for the first sector during the DTI, the secondbeacon comprising second allocation information to allocate a secondbeamforming training allocation for the second sector during the DTI,the first beamforming training allocation is different from the secondbeamforming training allocation.

Example 23 includes the subject matter of Example 22, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG initiator STA to,during the first beamforming training allocation, listen on the firstsector for one or more first SSW frames from one or more first EDMGresponder STAs, and, to, during the second beamforming trainingallocation, listen on the second sector for one or more second SSWframes from one or more second EDMG responder STAs.

Example 24 includes the subject matter of Example 23, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG initiator STA to,during the first beamforming training allocation, transmit via the firstsector a first sector ACK frame comprising information based on the oneor more first SSW frames, and, to, during the second beamformingtraining allocation, transmit via the second sector a second sector ACKframe comprising information based on the one or more second SSW frames.

Example 25 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 15-24, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frames, and the sectorACK frame over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 26 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 15-25, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGinitiator STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frames, and the sectorACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz,6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 27 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 15-26, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG initiator STA comprises an Access Point(AP) or a Personal Basic Service Set (PBSS) Control Point (PCP) (AP/PCP)STA.

Example 28 includes a method to be performed at an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) initiator station (STA) of an asymmetricbeamforming training, the method comprising during a Beacon TransmissionInterval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval (BI), transmitting a beacon via asector of the EDMG initiator STA, the beacon comprising allocationinformation to allocate a beamforming training allocation for asymmetricbeamforming training of the sector during a Data Transfer Interval (DTI)in the BI after the BTI, the beacon comprising one or more ReceiveTraining (TRN-R) subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training ofthe sector; during the beamforming training allocation, listening on thesector for one or more Sector Sweep (SSW) frames from one or more EDMGresponder STAs; and during the beamforming training allocation,transmitting via the sector a sector acknowledgement (ACK) framecomprising information based on the one or more SSW frames.

Example 29 includes the subject matter of Example 28, and optionally,wherein the beamforming training allocation comprises a plurality ofslots, during which the EDMG initiator STA is to listen on the sectorfor the one or more SSW frames.

Example 30 includes the subject matter of Example 29, and optionally,wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality of space-timeslots.

Example 31 includes the subject matter of Example 29 or 30, andoptionally, comprising transmitting the sector ACK frame after theplurality of slots.

Example 32 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-31, andoptionally, comprising transmitting the sector ACK frame a MediumBeamforming Interframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality ofslots.

Example 33 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-32, andoptionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slots isbased on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 34 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-33, andoptionally, comprising transmitting the allocation information in anEDMG extended schedule element.

Example 35 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-34, andoptionally, comprising transmitting during the BTI a first beacon via afirst sector and a second beacon via a second sector, the first beaconcomprising first allocation information to allocate a first beamformingtraining allocation for the first sector during the DTI, the secondbeacon comprising second allocation information to allocate a secondbeamforming training allocation for the second sector during the DTI,the first beamforming training allocation is different from the secondbeamforming training allocation.

Example 36 includes the subject matter of Example 35, and optionally,comprising, during the first beamforming training allocation, listeningon the first sector for one or more first SSW frames from one or morefirst EDMG responder STAs, and, during the second beamforming trainingallocation, listening on the second sector for one or more second SSWframes from one or more second EDMG responder STAs.

Example 37 includes the subject matter of Example 36, and optionally,comprising, during the first beamforming training allocation,transmitting via the first sector a first sector ACK frame comprisinginformation based on the one or more first SSW frames, and, during thesecond beamforming training allocation, transmitting via the secondsector a second sector ACK frame comprising information based on the oneor more second SSW frames.

Example 38 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-37, andoptionally, comprising communicating the beacon, the SSW frames, and thesector ACK frame over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 39 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-38, andoptionally, comprising communicating the beacon, the SSW frames, and thesector ACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 40 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-39, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG initiator STA comprises an Access Point(AP) or a Personal Basic Service Set (PBSS) Control Point (PCP) (AP/PCP)STA.

Example 41 includes a product comprising one or more tangiblecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media comprisingcomputer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at leastone processor, enable the at least one processor to cause an EnhancedDirectional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) initiator station (STA) of anasymmetric beamforming training to, during a Beacon TransmissionInterval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval (BI), transmit a beacon via a sectorof the EDMG initiator STA, the beacon comprising allocation informationto allocate a beamforming training allocation for asymmetric beamformingtraining of the sector during a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) in the BIafter the BTI, the beacon comprising one or more Receive Training(TRN-R) subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training of the sector;during the beamforming training allocation, listen on the sector for oneor more Sector Sweep (SSW) frames from one or more EDMG responder STAs;and during the beamforming training allocation, transmit via the sectora sector acknowledgement (ACK) frame comprising information based on theone or more SSW frames.

Example 42 includes the subject matter of Example 41, and optionally,wherein the beamforming training allocation comprises a plurality ofslots, during which the EDMG initiator STA is to listen on the sectorfor the one or more SSW frames.

Example 43 includes the subject matter of Example 42, and optionally,wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality of space-timeslots.

Example 44 includes the subject matter of Example 42 or 43, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit the sector ACK frame after the plurality ofslots.

Example 45 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-44, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit the sector ACK frame a Medium BeamformingInterframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality of slots.

Example 46 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-45, andoptionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slots isbased on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 47 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 41-46, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit the allocation information in an EDMG extendedschedule element.

Example 48 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 41-47, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGinitiator STA to transmit during the BTI a first beacon via a firstsector and a second beacon via a second sector, the first beaconcomprising first allocation information to allocate a first beamformingtraining allocation for the first sector during the DTI, the secondbeacon comprising second allocation information to allocate a secondbeamforming training allocation for the second sector during the DTI,the first beamforming training allocation is different from the secondbeamforming training allocation.

Example 49 includes the subject matter of Example 48, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG initiator STAto, during the first beamforming training allocation, listen on thefirst sector for one or more first SSW frames from one or more firstEDMG responder STAs, and, to, during the second beamforming trainingallocation, listen on the second sector for one or more second SSWframes from one or more second EDMG responder STAs.

Example 50 includes the subject matter of Example 49, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG initiator STAto, during the first beamforming training allocation, transmit via thefirst sector a first sector ACK frame comprising information based onthe one or more first SSW frames, and, to, during the second beamformingtraining allocation, transmit via the second sector a second sector ACKframe comprising information based on the one or more second SSW frames.

Example 51 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 41-50, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGinitiator STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frames, and the sectorACK frame over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 52 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 41-51, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGinitiator STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frames, and the sectorACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz,6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 53 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 41-52, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG initiator STA comprises an Access Point(AP) or a Personal Basic Service Set (PBSS) Control Point (PCP) (AP/PCP)STA.

Example 54 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) initiator station (STA)of an asymmetric beamforming training, the apparatus comprising meansfor, during a Beacon Transmission Interval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval(BI), transmitting a beacon via a sector of the EDMG initiator STA, thebeacon comprising allocation information to allocate a beamformingtraining allocation for asymmetric beamforming training of the sectorduring a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) in the BI after the BTI, thebeacon comprising one or more Receive Training (TRN-R) subfields for theasymmetric beamforming training of the sector; means for, during thebeamforming training allocation, listening on the sector for one or moreSector Sweep (SSW) frames from one or more EDMG responder STAs; andmeans for, during the beamforming training allocation, transmitting viathe sector a sector acknowledgement (ACK) frame comprising informationbased on the one or more SSW frames.

Example 55 includes the subject matter of Example 54, and optionally,wherein the beamforming training allocation comprises a plurality ofslots, during which the EDMG initiator STA is to listen on the sectorfor the one or more SSW frames.

Example 56 includes the subject matter of Example 55, and optionally,wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality of space-timeslots.

Example 57 includes the subject matter of Example 55 or 56, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting the sector ACK frame afterthe plurality of slots.

Example 58 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-57, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting the sector ACK frame aMedium Beamforming Interframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the pluralityof slots.

Example 59 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-58, andoptionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slots isbased on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 60 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 54-59, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting the allocation informationin an EDMG extended schedule element.

Example 61 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 54-60, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting during the BTI a firstbeacon via a first sector and a second beacon via a second sector, thefirst beacon comprising first allocation information to allocate a firstbeamforming training allocation for the first sector during the DTI, thesecond beacon comprising second allocation information to allocate asecond beamforming training allocation for the second sector during theDTI, the first beamforming training allocation is different from thesecond beamforming training allocation.

Example 62 includes the subject matter of Example 61, and optionally,comprising means for, during the first beamforming training allocation,listening on the first sector for one or more first SSW frames from oneor more first EDMG responder STAs, and, during the second beamformingtraining allocation, listening on the second sector for one or moresecond SSW frames from one or more second EDMG responder STAs.

Example 63 includes the subject matter of Example 62, and optionally,comprising means for, during the first beamforming training allocation,transmitting via the first sector a first sector ACK frame comprisinginformation based on the one or more first SSW frames, and, during thesecond beamforming training allocation, transmitting via the secondsector a second sector ACK frame comprising information based on the oneor more second SSW frames.

Example 64 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 54-63, andoptionally, comprising means for communicating the beacon, the SSWframes, and the sector ACK frame over a frequency band above 45Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 65 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 54-64, andoptionally, comprising means for communicating the beacon, the SSWframes, and the sector ACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 66 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 54-65, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG initiator STA comprises an Access Point(AP) or a Personal Basic Service Set (PBSS) Control Point (PCP) (AP/PCP)STA.

Example 67 includes an apparatus comprising logic and circuitryconfigured to cause an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG)responder station (STA) of an asymmetric beamforming training to, duringa Beacon Transmission Interval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval (BI), receivea beacon from an EDMG initiator STA, the beacon comprising allocationinformation to allocate a beamforming training allocation comprising aplurality of slots for asymmetric beamforming training with a sector ofthe EDMG initiator STA during a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) in the BIafter the BTI, the beacon comprising one or more Receive Training(TRN-R) subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training with thesector of the EDMG initiator STA; select a selected slot from theplurality of slots; transmit a Sector Sweep (SSW) frame to the EDMGinitiator STA during the selected slot; and attempt to receive a sectoracknowledgement (ACK) frame from the EDMG initiator STA during thebeamforming training allocation.

Example 68 includes the subject matter of Example 67, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG responder STA torandomly select the selected slot for transmission of the SSW frame fromthe plurality of slots.

Example 69 includes the subject matter of Example 67 or 68, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to transmit the SSW frame via a sector of the EDMGresponder STA, which is trained by the TRN-R subfields of the beacon.

Example 70 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 67-69, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to attempt to receive the sector ACK frame from the EDMGinitiator STA via a sector of the EDMG responder STA, which is trainedby the TRN-R subfields of the beacon.

Example 71 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 67-70, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to process an EDMG extended schedule element comprisingthe allocation information.

Example 72 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 67-71, andoptionally, wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality ofspace-time slots.

Example 73 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 67-72, andoptionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slots isbased on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 74 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 67-73, andoptionally, wherein the sector ACK frame is a Medium BeamformingInterframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality of slots.

Example 75 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 67-74, andoptionally, wherein the ACK frame comprises information based on the SSWframe.

Example 76 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 67-75, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sectorACK frame over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 77 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 67-76, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sectorACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz,6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 78 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 67-77, andoptionally, comprising one or more antennas, a memory, and a processor.

Example 79 includes a system of wireless communication comprising anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) responder station (STA)of an asymmetric beamforming training, the EDMG responder STA comprisingone or more antennas; a radio; a memory; a processor; and a controllerconfigured to cause the EDMG responder STA to, during a BeaconTransmission Interval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval (BI), receive a beaconfrom an EDMG initiator STA, the beacon comprising allocation informationto allocate a beamforming training allocation comprising a plurality ofslots for asymmetric beamforming training with a sector of the EDMGinitiator STA during a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) in the BI after theBTI, the beacon comprising one or more Receive Training (TRN-R)subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training with the sector of theEDMG initiator STA; select a selected slot from the plurality of slots;transmit a Sector Sweep (SSW) frame to the EDMG initiator STA during theselected slot; and attempt to receive a sector acknowledgement (ACK)frame from the EDMG initiator STA during the beamforming trainingallocation.

Example 80 includes the subject matter of Example 79, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG responder STA torandomly select the selected slot for transmission of the SSW frame fromthe plurality of slots.

Example 81 includes the subject matter of Example 79 or 80, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to transmit the SSW frame via a sector of the EDMGresponder STA, which is trained by the TRN-R subfields of the beacon.

Example 82 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 79-81, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to attempt to receive the sector ACK frame from the EDMGinitiator STA via a sector of the EDMG responder STA, which is trainedby the TRN-R subfields of the beacon.

Example 83 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 79-82, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to process an EDMG extended schedule element comprisingthe allocation information.

Example 84 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 79-83, andoptionally, wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality ofspace-time slots.

Example 85 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 79-84, andoptionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slots isbased on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 86 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 79-85, andoptionally, wherein the sector ACK frame is a Medium BeamformingInterframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality of slots.

Example 87 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 79-86, andoptionally, wherein the ACK frame comprises information based on the SSWframe.

Example 88 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 79-87, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sectorACK frame over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 89 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 79-88, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGresponder STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sectorACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz,6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 90 includes a method to be performed at an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) responder station (STA) of an asymmetricbeamforming training, the method comprising during a Beacon TransmissionInterval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval (BI), receiving a beacon from anEDMG initiator STA, the beacon comprising allocation information toallocate a beamforming training allocation comprising a plurality ofslots for asymmetric beamforming training with a sector of the EDMGinitiator STA during a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) in the BI after theBTI, the beacon comprising one or more Receive Training (TRN-R)subfields for the asymmetric beamforming training with the sector of theEDMG initiator STA; selecting a selected slot from the plurality ofslots; transmitting a Sector Sweep (SSW) frame to the EDMG initiator STAduring the selected slot; and attempting to receive a sectoracknowledgement (ACK) frame from the EDMG initiator STA during thebeamforming training allocation.

Example 91 includes the subject matter of Example 90, and optionally,comprising randomly selecting the selected slot for transmission of theSSW frame from the plurality of slots.

Example 92 includes the subject matter of Example 90 or 91, andoptionally, comprising transmitting the SSW frame via a sector of theEDMG responder STA, which is trained by the TRN-R subfields of thebeacon.

Example 93 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 90-92, andoptionally, comprising attempting to receive the sector ACK frame fromthe EDMG initiator STA via a sector of the EDMG responder STA, which istrained by the TRN-R subfields of the beacon.

Example 94 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 90-93, andoptionally, comprising processing an EDMG extended schedule elementcomprising the allocation information.

Example 95 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 90-94, andoptionally, wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality ofspace-time slots.

Example 96 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 90-95, andoptionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slots isbased on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 97 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 90-96, andoptionally, wherein the sector ACK frame is a Medium BeamformingInterframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality of slots.

Example 98 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 90-97, andoptionally, wherein the ACK frame comprises information based on the SSWframe.

Example 99 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 90-98, andoptionally, comprising communicating the beacon, the SSW frame, and thesector ACK frame over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 100 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 90-99,and optionally, comprising communicating the beacon, the SSW frame, andthe sector ACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz),4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 101 includes a product comprising one or more tangiblecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media comprisingcomputer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at leastone processor, enable the at least one processor to cause an EnhancedDirectional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) responder station (STA) of anasymmetric beamforming training to, during a Beacon TransmissionInterval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval (BI), receive a beacon from an EDMGinitiator STA, the beacon comprising allocation information to allocatea beamforming training allocation comprising a plurality of slots forasymmetric beamforming training with a sector of the EDMG initiator STAduring a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) in the BI after the BTI, thebeacon comprising one or more Receive Training (TRN-R) subfields for theasymmetric beamforming training with the sector of the EDMG initiatorSTA; select a selected slot from the plurality of slots; transmit aSector Sweep (SSW) frame to the EDMG initiator STA during the selectedslot; and attempt to receive a sector acknowledgement (ACK) frame fromthe EDMG initiator STA during the beamforming training allocation.

Example 102 includes the subject matter of Example 101, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG responder STA torandomly select the selected slot for transmission of the SSW frame fromthe plurality of slots.

Example 103 includes the subject matter of Example 101 or 102, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGresponder STA to transmit the SSW frame via a sector of the EDMGresponder STA, which is trained by the TRN-R subfields of the beacon.

Example 104 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 101-103,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGresponder STA to attempt to receive the sector ACK frame from the EDMGinitiator STA via a sector of the EDMG responder STA, which is trainedby the TRN-R subfields of the beacon.

Example 105 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 101-104,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGresponder STA to process an EDMG extended schedule element comprisingthe allocation information.

Example 106 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 101-105,and optionally, wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality ofspace-time slots.

Example 107 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 101-106,and optionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slotsis based on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 108 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 101-107,and optionally, wherein the sector ACK frame is a Medium BeamformingInterframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality of slots.

Example 109 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 101-108,and optionally, wherein the ACK frame comprises information based on theSSW frame.

Example 110 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 101-109,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGresponder STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sectorACK frame over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 111 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 101-110,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGresponder STA to communicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sectorACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz,6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 112 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) responder station (STA)of an asymmetric beamforming training, the apparatus comprising meansfor, during a Beacon Transmission Interval (BTI) in a Beacon Interval(BI), receiving a beacon from an EDMG initiator STA, the beaconcomprising allocation information to allocate a beamforming trainingallocation comprising a plurality of slots for asymmetric beamformingtraining with a sector of the EDMG initiator STA during a Data TransferInterval (DTI) in the BI after the BTI, the beacon comprising one ormore Receive Training (TRN-R) subfields for the asymmetric beamformingtraining with the sector of the EDMG initiator STA; means for selectinga selected slot from the plurality of slots; means for transmitting aSector Sweep (SSW) frame to the EDMG initiator STA during the selectedslot; and means for attempting to receive a sector acknowledgement (ACK)frame from the EDMG initiator STA during the beamforming trainingallocation.

Example 113 includes the subject matter of Example 112, and optionally,comprising means for randomly selecting the selected slot fortransmission of the SSW frame from the plurality of slots.

Example 114 includes the subject matter of Example 112 or 113, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting the SSW frame via a sectorof the EDMG responder STA, which is trained by the TRN-R subfields ofthe beacon.

Example 115 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 112-114,and optionally, comprising means for attempting to receive the sectorACK frame from the EDMG initiator STA via a sector of the EDMG responderSTA, which is trained by the TRN-R subfields of the beacon.

Example 116 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 112-115,and optionally, comprising means for processing an EDMG extendedschedule element comprising the allocation information.

Example 117 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 112-116,and optionally, wherein the plurality of slots comprises a plurality ofspace-time slots.

Example 118 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 112-117,and optionally, wherein a duration of a slot of the plurality of slotsis based on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of an SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).

Example 119 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 112-118,and optionally, wherein the sector ACK frame is a Medium BeamformingInterframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality of slots.

Example 120 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 112-119,and optionally, wherein the ACK frame comprises information based on theSSW frame.

Example 121 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 112-120,and optionally, comprising means for communicating the beacon, the SSWframe, and the sector ACK frame over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz(GHz).

Example 122 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 112-121,and optionally, comprising means for communicating the beacon, the SSWframe, and the sector ACK frame over a channel bandwidth of 2.16Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Functions, operations, components and/or features described herein withreference to one or more embodiments, may be combined with, or may beutilized in combination with, one or more other functions, operations,components and/or features described herein with reference to one ormore other embodiments, or vice versa.

While certain features have been illustrated and described herein, manymodifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur tothose skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that theappended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changesas fall within the true spirit of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: memory circuitry; and aprocessor comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause a responderstation (STA) to: perform receive training based on one or more ReceiveTraining (TRN-R) subfields in a beacon from a Personal Basic Service Set(PBSS) Control Point (PCP) or Access Point (AP) (PCP/AP) STA during aBeacon Transmission Interval (BTI), the beacon to schedule a beamformingtraining allocation for an asymmetric link, the beamforming trainingallocation to be during a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) after the BTI;select a space-time slot in the beamforming training allocation;transmit a Sector Sweep (SSW) frame to the PCP/AP STA during thespace-time slot; and attempt to receive during the beamforming trainingallocation a sector acknowledgement (ACK) frame from the PCP/AP STAcomprising information based on the SSW from the responder STA.
 2. Theapparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the responder STA to randomlyselect the space-time slot from a plurality of space-time slots in thebeamforming training allocation.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, whereinthe sector ACK frame is after the plurality of space-time slots.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 2, wherein the sector ACK frame is a MediumBeamforming Interframe Space (MBIFS) interval after the plurality ofspace-time slots.
 5. The apparatus of claim 2 configured to cause theresponder STA to determine a count of the plurality of space-time slotsbased on an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) extendedschedule element from the PCP/AP STA.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1configured to cause the responder STA to transmit the SSW frame via asector of the responder STA, which is trained by the one or more TRN-Rsubfields of the beacon during the BTI.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1configured to cause the responder STA to attempt to receive the sectorACK frame from the PCP/AP STA via a sector of the responder STA, whichis trained by the one or more TRN-R subfields of the beacon during theBTI.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a duration of the space-timeslot is based on a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime),a transmission time of the SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a shortInterframe Space (aSIFSTime).
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thebeacon comprises an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG)extended schedule element configured to schedule the beamformingtraining allocation.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the beaconcomprises a Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) beacon frame.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the responder STA tocommunicate the beacon, the SSW frame, and the sector ACK frame over afrequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).
 12. The apparatus of claim 1comprising a radio to receive the beacon and the sector ACK frame, andto transmit the SSW frame.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12 comprising oneor more antenna sectors connected to the radio, and another processor toexecute instructions of an operating system.
 14. A product comprisingone or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage mediacomprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executedby at least one processor, enable the at least one processor to cause aresponder station (STA) to: perform receive training based on one ormore Receive Training (TRN-R) subfields in a beacon from a PersonalBasic Service Set (PBSS) Control Point (PCP) or Access Point (AP)(PCP/AP) STA during a Beacon Transmission Interval (BTI), the beacon toschedule a beamforming training allocation for an asymmetric link, thebeamforming training allocation to be during a Data Transfer Interval(DTI) after the BTI; select a space-time slot in the beamformingtraining allocation; transmit a Sector Sweep (SSW) frame to the PCP/APSTA during the space-time slot; and attempt to receive during thebeamforming training allocation a sector acknowledgement (ACK) framefrom the PCP/AP STA comprising information based on the SSW from theresponder STA.
 15. The product of claim 14, wherein the instructions,when executed, cause the responder STA to randomly select the space-timeslot from a plurality of space-time slots in the beamforming trainingallocation.
 16. The product of claim 15, wherein the sector ACK frame isafter the plurality of space-time slots.
 17. The product of claim 15,wherein the sector ACK frame is a Medium Beamforming Interframe Space(MBIFS) interval after the plurality of space-time slots.
 18. Theproduct of claim 15, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause theresponder STA to determine a count of the plurality of space-time slotsbased on an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) extendedschedule element from the PCP/AP STA.
 19. The product of claim 14,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the responder STA totransmit the SSW frame via a sector of the responder STA, which istrained by the one or more TRN-R subfields of the beacon during the BTI.20. The product of claim 14, wherein the instructions, when executed,cause the responder STA to attempt to receive the sector ACK frame fromthe PCP/AP STA via a sector of the responder STA, which is trained bythe one or more TRN-R subfields of the beacon during the BTI.
 21. Theproduct of claim 14, wherein a duration of the space-time slot is basedon a sum of an air propagation time (aAirPropagationTime), atransmission time of the SSW frame (TXTIME(SSW)) and a short InterframeSpace (aSIFSTime).
 22. The product of claim 14, wherein the beaconcomprises an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) extendedschedule element configured to schedule the beamforming trainingallocation.
 23. An apparatus comprising: means for causing a responderstation (STA) to perform receive training based on one or more ReceiveTraining (TRN-R) subfields in a beacon from a Personal Basic Service Set(PBSS) Control Point (PCP) or Access Point (AP) (PCP/AP) STA during aBeacon Transmission Interval (BTI), the beacon to schedule a beamformingtraining allocation for an asymmetric link, the beamforming trainingallocation to be during a Data Transfer Interval (DTI) after the BTI;means for selecting a space-time slot in the beamforming trainingallocation; means for causing the responder STA to transmit a SectorSweep (SSW) frame to the PCP/AP STA during the space-time slot; andmeans for causing the responder STA to attempt to receive during thebeamforming training allocation a sector acknowledgement (ACK) framefrom the PCP/AP STA comprising information based on the SSW from theresponder STA.
 24. The apparatus of claim 23 comprising means forrandomly selecting the space-time slot from a plurality of space-timeslots in the beamforming training allocation.